Free Essays on Recent Trait Theory

Recent Trait Theory Research Cattell’s Big Five Factors of Personality, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary Personality Theory. Current Research Raymond Cattell (1905-present) designed the â€Å"Big five Factors of Personality†, in which five classifications are revealed. Big Five factors: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience. Han’s Eysenck’s and Sir Francis Galton behavior genetics research and Arnold Buss’ three concerns for evolutionary personality theory coinsided with each other. The Big five represents a catalog of traits that some personality psychologists suggest capture the essence of individual differences in personality. Raymond Cattell used Allport and Odbert’s 4500 trait-descriptives in which he extracted 35 traits. After others continued to analyze these factors and found congruence with the ratings, that eventually became the Big five Factors of Personality. In order to fully understand the origin of these factors an outline for factor analysis must be explained. Factor analysis studies where conducted and the results where used in an analysis technique generally done with computers to determine meaningful relationships and patterns in behavioral data. Beginning with a large number of behavioral variables, the computer finds relationships or natural connections where variables are maximally correlated with one another and minimally correlated with other variables, and then it groups the data accordingly. After this process has been repeated many times a pattern of relationships or certain factors that capture the essence of all the data appears (Pervin copious amounts of different researchers that have done numerous tests and they all agree tha... Free Essays on Recent Trait Theory Free Essays on Recent Trait Theory Recent Trait Theory Research Cattell’s Big Five Factors of Personality, Behavioral Genetics, and Evolutionary Personality Theory. Current Research Raymond Cattell (1905-present) designed the â€Å"Big five Factors of Personality†, in which five classifications are revealed. Big Five factors: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience. Han’s Eysenck’s and Sir Francis Galton behavior genetics research and Arnold Buss’ three concerns for evolutionary personality theory coinsided with each other. The Big five represents a catalog of traits that some personality psychologists suggest capture the essence of individual differences in personality. Raymond Cattell used Allport and Odbert’s 4500 trait-descriptives in which he extracted 35 traits. After others continued to analyze these factors and found congruence with the ratings, that eventually became the Big five Factors of Personality. In order to fully understand the origin of these factors an outline for factor analysis must be explained. Factor analysis studies where conducted and the results where used in an analysis technique generally done with computers to determine meaningful relationships and patterns in behavioral data. Beginning with a large number of behavioral variables, the computer finds relationships or natural connections where variables are maximally correlated with one another and minimally correlated with other variables, and then it groups the data accordingly. After this process has been repeated many times a pattern of relationships or certain factors that capture the essence of all the data appears (Pervin copious amounts of different researchers that have done numerous tests and they all agree tha...

Definition and Examples of Language Varieties

Definition and Examples of Language Varieties In  sociolinguistics, language variety- also called  lect- is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect,  register,  jargon, and  idiolect. Background To understand the meaning of language varieties, its important to consider how lects differ from  standard English. Even what constitutes standard English is a topic of hot debate among linguists. Standard English  is a  controversial term  for a form of the English language that is written and spoken by educated users.  For some linguists, standard English is a synonym for  good  or  correct  English  usage. Others use the term to refer to a specific geographical  dialect  of English or a dialect favored by the most powerful and prestigious social group. Varieties of language develop for a number of reasons: differences can come about for geographical reasons; people who live in different geographic areas often develop distinct dialects- variations of standard English. Those who belong to a specific group, often academic or professional, tend to adopt jargon that is known to and understood by only members of that select group. Even individuals develop idiolects, their own specific ways of speaking. Dialect The word  dialect- which contains lect within the term- derives from the Greek words  dia- meaning   across, between and  legein  speak.  A  dialect  is a regional or social  variety  of a  language  distinguished by pronunciation,  grammar, and/or  vocabulary. The term  dialect  is often used to characterize a way of speaking that differs from the  standard  variety of the language. Sarah Thomason of the  Linguistic Society of America  notes: All dialects start with the same system, and their partly independent histories leave different parts of the parent system intact. This gives rise to some of the most persistent myths about language, such as the claim that the people of Appalachia speak pure Elizabethan English. Certain dialects have gained negative connotations in the U.S. as well as in other countries. Indeed, the term  dialect  prejudice  refers to discrimination based on a persons  dialect  or way of  speaking.  Dialect prejudice is a type of  linguicism- discrimination based on dialect. In their article Applied Social Dialectology, published in Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of  Language and Society, Carolyn Temple and Donna Christian observe: ...dialect prejudice is  endemic in public life, widely tolerated, and institutionalized in social enterprises that affect almost everyone, such as education and the media. There is limited knowledge about and little regard for    linguistic  study showing that all varieties of a language display systematicity and that the   elevated  social position of standard varieties has no scientific linguistic basis. Due to this kind of dialectic prejudice, Suzanne Romaine, in Language in Society, notes: Many linguists now prefer the term  variety  or  lect  to avoid the sometimes  pejorative  connotations that the term dialect has. Register Register is defined as the  way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or during a job interview. These variations in formality,  also called stylistic variation, are known as registers in linguistics. They are determined by such factors as social occasion,  context,  purpose, and  audience. Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms, the use of  jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace. Registers are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed. Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely rigid or very intimate. You dont even need to use an actual word to communicate effectively. A huff of exasperation during a debate or a grin while signing hello speaks volumes. Jargon Jargon  refers to the specialized  language  of a professional or occupational group. Such language is often meaningless to outsiders. American poet  David Lehman  has described jargon as the verbal sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly fashionable; it gives an air of novelty and specious profundity to ideas that, if stated directly, would seem superficial, stale, frivolous, or false. George Packer describes jargon in a similar vein in a 2016 article in the New Yorker magazine: â€Å"Professional jargon- on Wall Street, in humanities departments, in government offices- can be a fence raised to keep out the uninitiated and permit those within it to persist in the belief that what they do is too hard, too complex, to be questioned. Jargon acts not only to   euphemize  but to license, setting insiders against outsiders and giving the flimsiest notions a scientific aura.†Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Pam Fitzpatrick, a senior research director at Gartner, a Stamford, Connecticut-based research and advisory firm specializing in high tech, writing on  LinkedIn,  puts it more bluntly: Jargon is waste. Wasted breath, wasted energy. It absorbs time and space but does nothing to further our goal of persuading people to help us solve complex problems. In other words, jargon is a faux method of creating a sort of dialect that only those on this inside group can understand. Jargon has social implications similar to dialect  prejudice but in reverse: It is a way of making those who understand this particular variety of language more erudite and learned; those who are members of the group that understands the particular jargon are considered smart, while those on the outside are simply not bright enough to comprehend this kind of language. Types of Lects In addition to the distinctions discussed previously, different types of lects also echo the types of language varieties: Regional dialect: A variety spoken in a particular region.Sociolect: Also known as a  social dialect, a  variety of language  (or register) used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group, or any  other social group.Ethnolect: A lect spoken by a specific ethnic group. For example, Ebonics, the vernacular  spoken by  some African-Americans, is a type of ethnolect, notes  e2f,  a language-translation firm.Idiolect:  According to e2f, the language  or languages spoken by each individual. For example, if you are multilingual and can speak in different registers and styles, your idiolect comprises several languages, each with multiple registers and styles. In the end, language varieties come down to judgments, often illogical, that are, according to Edward Finegan in Language: Its Structure and Use: ...imported from outside the realm of language and represent attitudes to particular varieties or to forms of expression within particular varieties. The language varieties, or lects, that people speak often serve as the basis for judgment, and even exclusion, from certain social groups, professions, and business organizations. As you study language varieties, keep in mind that they are often based on judgments one group is making in regard to another.

John The Bapist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

John The Bapist - Research Paper Example John Baptist’s Parents John the Baptist’s father was Zechariah and his mother was Elizabeth. Zechariah was from the priestly family of Abijah. Both Zechariah and his wife were righteous people before the lord and they blamelessly obeyed all the commands of the lord (John the Baptist, online). Zechariah and Elizabeth, however, were very old and Elizabeth was barren. The couple had lost hope of ever having a child of their own. The lord however performed a miracle for them and this led to the birth of John the Baptist. John Baptist’s Birth and Childhood John the Baptist was born in the late first century, at around 5 B.C., during the reign of king Herod of Judea. The history of the birth and childhood of John the Baptist can be obtained from the four Gospels in the Bible and also from the writings of the Roman historian Josephus (The Birth and Early Life of John the Baptist, online). John the Baptist is believed to have been born in Judea, near Jerusalem. Both John ’s father and mother were of Aaron descent and John, therefore, was of Aaron descent from both his father and mother. Elizabeth the mother of John the Baptist was sister to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ. ... This happened when Zechariah was performing his priestly duties in the temple of Jerusalem; Zachariah was burning incense in the temple when angle Gabriel appeared to him. When Zechariah first saw the angel he was startled, but the angel told him not to be afraid for the lord had heard his prayers. The angel of the lord then told him that his wife Elizabeth would bear him a son, and the angel told him that he should call the child John. The angel of the lord then told Zechariah that the child to be born would be a great joy to his parents and many people would rejoice because of his birth. The angel of the lord told Zechariah that the child to be born would be great in the eyes of the lord. Angel Gabriel also told Zechariah that the child to be born would never drink wine or any other fermented drink, angel Gabriel told him that John the Baptist would be filled with the Holy Spirit even before his birth; Angel Gabriel also told Zechariah that John the Baptist would bring many people of Israel back to God. The angel of the Lord also said that John the Baptist would have the spirit and the zeal of Prophet Elijah; through this spirit and zeal of Prophet Elijah he would bring many people to righteousness. But Zechariah doubted the words of the angel of the Lord and wondered how the words of the angel would come true for he was very old and his wife Elizabeth too was very old and barren. But angel Gabriel assured him that he was sent by God and that his words will come true. And for failing to believe in the words of angel Gabriel, the angel told Zechariah that he would be silent from that moment till when the child John the Baptist would be

Global Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Change - Research Paper Example Moving on with the discussion at hand, change is something that manifests its own basis within the personal as well as the professional lives of the people. They encounter this change as coming about in their personal capacities as well as their professional ones, and hence should be thought of as bringing with it some form of baggage that will have its own consequences and ramifications in the long run. Some people opine that this change element is not one that they would buy because it is filled with uncertainties and issues of a confusing nature. There are individuals who would readily buy this change and accept it as a norm within their entireties. Thus the global change is something that is understood differently by varied people all over the world and is transformed due to the cultural, national and religious angles which keep on amending from time to time. It is a fact that global change is not seen as a hindrance by the business communities but then again there are individual s who would never believe it to be a truthful one. The global change is bound to happen within the business realms because things keep on getting changing time and again, and there are significant repercussions of these changes that happen on a global front. It will make its own basis in a good enough way, but if this change creates problems, then people need to be made aware of the consequences which shall come about in the coming times.Within business, change is important because it takes a whole new look at the things that manifest the change in essence.

Fall of the House of Usher :: essays research papers

The Fall of the House of Usher is definitely a piece written in Poe's usual style; a dark foreboding tale of death and insanity filled with imagery, allusion, and hidden meaning. It uses secondary meanings and underlying themes to show his beliefs and theories without actually addressing them. It convinces us without letting us know we're being convinced, and at the same time makes his complex thoughts relatively clear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the literal level the story is about a man (the narrator) visiting his boyhood friend who is suffering from â€Å"acuteness of the senses†. His friend, Roderick Usher, sent for him in hopes that his friend might afford him solace. Though his mental problems were a large part of his sorrow, most of it was due to his sister's illness. Much of the narrator's time at The House of Usher was spent reading philosophical books with Usher, apparently a great hobby of them both. One evening Usher came to the narrator and informed him â€Å"that the lady Madeline [Usher's sister] was no more.† He also informed him of his intentions of keeping her corpse for a fortnight in one of the many vaults in the house. Having no wish to oppose his wishes, the narrator helps him entomb the body at Usher's request. The mood in the house has worsened, and Usher is no longer himself. The narrator finds him ranting about the storm, and he explains to him its only a natural phenomenon, and turns to their earlier hobby of reading to distract him. He chooses the Mad Trist, which is apparently a story completely created by Poe (and is definitely in his style). It is a story of a Hero, Ethelred, who forcibly enters the home of a hermit and finds a dragon in his place. During his telling of the story, the narrator hears noises but dismisses them as coincidence. As he continued the sounds began to get louder, and eventually Usher speaks , â€Å"yes, I hear it, and have heard it ... We have put her living in the tomb!† At this point the reader still thinks Usher is mad and is hearing his sister in death (as did the character in The Tell Tale Heart), but soon that theory is disproven when the lady Madeline does indeed still live and enters the room killing her brother. The narrator flees at the sight of this and soon after the House of Usher collapses.

Case Study on Organizational Conflict Essay

After reading â€Å"The New Career Development Program that Ruins Careers Case† on pages 330–332 of the textbook (Fundamentals of organizational communication: Knowledge, sensitivity, skills, values (seventh Ed. ) by Shockley-Zalabak, P. S. ) which will henceforth be referred to as the case study. I also reviewed chapter nine, Organizational Conflict, of the same textbook and have identified many examples of conflict preferences, strategies, tactics, and emotions displayed by all of the participants involved in the case study. All of which will be discussed forthcoming, as well as how Jane can resolve this conflict. This case study displayed three of the five conflict preferences outlined in chapter nine to include avoidance, competition, and collaboration (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, pg 303, 306-308. ) Both Jill and Roger provided a good example of avoidance when they decided to remove themselves from contention. They also collaborated to make it known that they are not yet ready for the new tasking. Both Denise and John demonstrated competition preferences while presenting their cases to be in charge of the new program by citing experiences and accomplishments. John also pointed out Denise’s avoidance issues by stating, â€Å"You (Denise) just won’t confront things openly (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, pg 331). † Throughout this case study, one could make out all four conflict strategies and tactics (escalation, avoidance, maintenance, and reduction) that were displayed. Right in the beginning, John escalates the conflict by openly declaring his desire for the program lead position. Denise demonstrates avoidance tactics by trying to shut down the topic, shifting the decision back to Jane, and reminding others that she is the â€Å"senior member of this team (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, pg 331). † Jane tried to adopt the tactic of maintenance when she encouraged all parties to voice their opinions. However, Jane was ultimately forced to use reduction tactics as the meeting became too hot tempered by calling an end to the meeting, addressing the two primary aggressors independently, and reconvening the meeting the next day. The three main participants (Jane, Denise, and John) of this case study displayed a varying degree both cognitive and behavioral emotions that contributed to the outcome of each stage in this conflict. Denise’s opening words conveys her cognitive emotions. These emotions are compounded by John’s own cognitive emotions that quickly turn into a behavioral emotional response demonstrated by his outburst towards the end that was directed at Denise. Jane’s cognitive emotions came out when she responded to Denise avoidance of John’s outburst and claim for the position by insisting for Denise to state her position of the lead role. Each of the three participants feeding off and escalating the conflict until Jane had to end the meeting. This gave Jane some time to evaluate and determine who is best suit for the lead position. After this conflict, Jane has to be careful to find a mutually agreeable solution to who will have the lead position or run the risk creating a hostile working environment or even losing a valuable employee. Both Denise and John have a proven track record and expertise that demonstrates that they both could excel in the position. However, both displayed a lack of maturity and poise needed for a project of such magnitude. Therefore, I believe that Jane should initially take lead and have both Denise and John write a proposal on the ways to improve the Career Development Program. Then compare and analyze each proposal. Afterwards, combined the best ideas of each proposal to form a comprise between them. Then assign Denise and John as Co-leads for the new Career Development Program. By forcing them to work together the program get the benefit from both well established experts and both Denise and John get the credit and acknowledgment they desire. Reference: Shockley-Zalabak, P. S. (2009). Fundamentals of organizational communication: Knowledge, sensitivity, skills, values (seventh Ed. ).

Understanding the Scientific Revolution Essay - 1579 Words

Understanding the Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution was a time of change and new thinking. Many innovators had new ideas about the earth and many other things, but most challenged the Church in thinking of these new concepts. This revolution was so important to the development of mankind that modern historians honor the phrase with initial capital letters. This change of thought took almost two centuries to become established in western Europe; today this prolonged crisis is known as the Scientific Revolution. This new way of seeking the world, was first introduced with Copernicuss work published in 1543. It reached its triumphal acceptance with the appearance on Isaac Newtons Principia in 1687*. The one person who set†¦show more content†¦A few years later, during the 1600s, Galileo came along and thought very differently on the lines of the earth and the moon. The Church would not tolerate Galileos spreading of beliefs that contradicted its own position. Newton and Bacon also had many ideas that th e Church refused to believe. The Europeans believed many things that are different than what the many innovators later proved. One innovator that stands out among all, is Galileo Galilei. This innovator was said to have set the Scientific Revolution in motion. Although Galileo had many ideas, they were not all original, and some can even be traced back to ancient Greece. Galileo often criticized Aristotle, but he later realized that he had set out the basic questions we must answer, if we want to know how the world works. He showed how instruments designed according to the principles of optics, a mathematical science, could extend the powers of the human senses, making them stronger and more reliable. Galileo worked very hard as a student and for his family. When his father died in 1591, he found himself burdened with the duties of head of the family. Later in 1592, he got a better job than he had before, teaching mathematics at the University of Padua, at three times his salary. Padua was the premier university of Italy, and one of the best in all of Europe. There, Galileo made many friends with some of the leading minds of Italy. At Padua, he carried on his investigation of the simplestShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment Belief And Understanding Through Science And The Scientific Inventions Of The Industrial Revolution1166 Words   |  5 PagesVanessa Sager Hour 7 World Literature 11/2/16 Due to the Enlightenment belief and understanding through science and the scientific innovations of the Industrial Revolution, society could be vastly improved through scientific progress in western culture. These advances were expected to take place in the 20th century. 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